It is not surprising to me that the land conquered the conquerors. Hrrem claimed to have uncovered a plot to overthrow Sleyman. He produced the first treatise that ventured to explain. That's why Muslims don't like sculpture, for example, traditionally. Authors: Robert Gardner, Jonathan Grupper, Ben Kingsley, Gardner Films, Inc, Devillier-Donegan Enterprises, PBS DVD (Firm), Warner Home Video (Firm) Summary: Documents the rise and growth of Islam throughout the world, from the birth of Prophet Muhammad in the 6th century through the peak of the Ottoman Empire 1000 . And a Muslim should not be fighting against a Muslim. He had many mothers. The Awakening - 53':13" Episode ini menggambarkan masa kejayaan Islam. The Qur'an avoids that by constantly shifting the pronouns. The Muslims reached a tuning point in their struggles against the Crusaders. So that it was torn between me a target without . scientists, bureaucrats, what have you going and seeking from whatever civilisation. They thought they were just another lot of Byzantines, who were coming, as usual to be a nuisance, They had no idea that there was this extraordinary surge, of religious fervour and fanaticism coming from Western Europe. what a medieval Muslim palace would've look like. the Turks began to stake out their own territorial claims. to actually develop new ways of harnessing gunpowder. that modern bureaucrats and academicians will fight among themselves. islam empire of faith. Earlier cannons had been assembled with strips of forged metal bound with hoops. as had happened to other Turkish dynasties, ruling the Islamic world. The first episode deals with the life [] Read more Share this: Facebook Twitter The father of optics was a muslim named Ibn al-Haytham. We begin to have people with family names like Papermaker. Sleyman was now a sultan to be taken seriously. because their tastebuds had been whetted by a different cuisine. In 1009, the Egyptian ruler al-Hakim broke with that tradition. And from there on, every single scientist is competing for that job. They determined that sick patients should be quarantined and then treated. Great leaders of every nation and period practiced some form of religion, but many of these pseudo documentaries tend to bring the religion to the forefront rather than the politics of the era. Ibrahim campaigned with his own army, growing in influence and ambition. Islam: Empire of Faith is a documentary series, made in 2000, that details the history of Islam, from the birth of the Islamic Prophet, Muhammad to the Ottoman Empire. In the Ottoman tradition the young prince entered the military. or central loan organisation who's going to be good for the money. So, collectively, the industry of making and transporting textiles. to tell the Bedouin to give up many of their notions of multiple gods, to give up their attachment to their ancestors. "Even if your reign on the imperial throne seems everlasting, and bring to your land of beauty heaven's misfortune and deepest suffering. Within a decade, the Mongols had gone from building towers of human heads. The Kaaba made Mecca a vibrant centre for trade. They shocked the Muslim world when they came. Islam: Empire of Faith. They'd heard he had great arbitration skills, and they thought "Let's get him here to help out." Within hours, Constantinople was in the hands of the Ottomans. Muhammad is his messenger.". These things they brought back to Europe, some as souvenirs. Canada announced Monday it is banning TikTok from all government-issued mobile devices, reflecting widening worries from Western officials over the Chinese-owned video sharing app. 1600-1800
but always with a white cloth over his face, to hide his face. Islam Empire of Faith Episode 3: The Ottomans Movie Worksheet 4.9 (9 reviews) Term 1 / 16 How and where had the Ottoman Turks begun? One of the bureaucratic, or let us say, management problems facing the Ottomans. The Muslims absorbed the Sasanian Empire of Iran. The Arabs transformed their conquered lands. Islamic history remembers him as Kanuni, the Law Giver. the Ottomans never really thought of themselves so much as Sunni. Or is it because he didn't have the right methodology. But now, with all the former Byzantine Empire under their command. The Awakening examines the flowering of Islam into one of the great civilizations in history. this was the most prosperous and sophisticated metropolis on the continent. the faithful are called to worship 5 times a day. Islam: Empire of Faithtells the spectacular story of the great sweep of Islamic power and faith during its first 1,000 yearsfrom the birth of the prophet Muhammad to the peak of the Ottoman Empireunder the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. Now you begin to have what i call the birth of the new Islamic science. with merchants coming from different parts of the world. She kept saying she feels very lonely and the children miss him. in ways that had not been witnessed before. Sleyman set his sights on Belgrade, in Hungary. About; Blog; Projects; Help; Donate. for people who could express themselves orally. All of this require some basic elementary science. Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq 1917-1932 M. R. Izady. Those who were brawny went to the Janissary corps. he formed a relationship that would have a tremendous impact on his life. An angel was said to appear before him in the form of a man. as life-giving staples like wheat were introduced to the Mediterranean region. but had said "After I am gone, choose one from among your peers. Islam Empire of Faith is about the political side of the religion of Islam. English Directed by: Robert Gardner (163 mins) Between the fall of Rome and the European voyages of discovery, few events were more significant than the rise of Islam. its crew decapitated and its captain impaled on the castle walls. Islam: Empire of Faith is a pretty general documentary about a large history of Islam in such a short viewing time. show the first golden age of the Ottoman world. Constantinople's strategic and economic importance was considerable. and he was able to communicate with a great variety of people. complete with a hospital, school and library. When Hrrem herself died the following year. And the unity of what we should focus on in our life. 'and there is no room left in us for pity. And their only love was to serve the Sultan. Since every Muslim is enjoined once in his life to visit Mecca. The conversion, and its lasting effect, was extraordinary. The vanquished knew the terrible fate that awaited them. In fact, since the life of Muhammad himself. The great Italian theologian Thomas Aquinas, used the writings of the Muslim philosopher Averroes (Ibn Rsd). It's got all the accoutrements of a good medieval castle. A new breed of cannons could be cast of solid bronze. The best hope for the empire's future was dead. behind a veil of fear and misunderstanding. Having amassed the knowledge, the Muslims began to challenge it. While Christians considered Aristotle and Plato blasphemous, Muslim scholars studied and admired the Greek philosophers. The Dome was built in 780, while the mosque was completed in 715. The women lived in what was called the Old Palace. They were conquered by the Ottomans but they had old grudges to bear. to commemorate his great dynasty and himself. For the first time, they were bound together not by blood. Not something that is simply that one pays lip service to. They were kept in the caravan town of Mecca. It cements the idea of belonging to a movement, to a religion. It frees up commerce because the money doesn't have to be moved. The opinion that came to be the majority, or Sunni opinion, held that Muhammad had not appointed a successor during his life. to use the instruments for the verifications of observation? A companion site to the PBS series Islam: Empire of Faith. before returning to their conflicts of the open sands. be it the Greek, the Indian, the Persian, and so on. of mounting any kind of concerted opposition to the rising Turkish threat in the east. The months to come would bring more revelations more beautiful than the most exquisite Arabic poetry. Islamic civilisation seemed poised for destruction is that Mongols were a devastating force, I personally feel that they also had a very positive effect, Historically, the most significant thing about the Mongols for us, and then became, after being these tremendously destructive forces. Empire of Faith Bloom Jonathan M Blair Professor Sheila S. No less impressive was Sleyman's palace. They didn't want him taking over and horning in on their control of the city. because his mother would have a lot to say about it. a bitter division that still separates the Muslim world to this day. So, the chief distinction, therefore, of Islamic civilisation. The Crusaders had already wreaked havoc across the region, and helping to reduce the once proud Byzantine Empire. that would reach into his very household. Some were Christians, some were Muslims, some were Jews. With Byzantine artisans, they decorated it with golden mosaics of an Islamic paradise. To the poor and unprotected, the prospect was revolutionary. you killed them, you slaughtered them and ate their meat. At one point, the entire young Muslim community was on the edge of annihilation. Literally, the largest empire civilisation had ever known. people whose fathers had been camel herders. Uzbek empire was named after Muahammad Shaybani Khan (1500 - 1510), the chief of a confederation of Islamized Turko-mongol nomads . Mohammad PArt 3 - islam empire of faith Addeddate 2020-07-19 19: . They imported pepper and cinnamon and other oriental spices. There are a number of extremely moving lamentations in poetry, talk about the feelings of anguish and terror. especially those who could recite poetry almost at the drop of a hat.
7/10. And the Qur'an can conjure that up with just a few briefly chosen words. "All the exquisite neighbourhoods covered with parks, "gardens, villas and beautiful promenades. to move into the highest positions of power in the empire. The word 'bureaucracy' has since lost its noble connotations. The religion of Islam emerged on the Arabian Peninsula in the 600s. Most of Europe at that time languished in poverty and squalor. It was also a haven for pirates, preying on Muslim trade ships. The context will vary depending on the type of knowledge and how the specialized or generalist analysts relate incoming data to that knowledge. It was the first major defeat after a long time. to propel metal cannonballs with staggering force. Through Islamic architecture, literature and music. made in 2000, that details the history of Islam, from the birth of the Islamic Prophet, Muhammad to the Ottom there was an increasing separation between the haves and the have nots. And that's where Europe learned to make paper. What could be a more powerful symbol of unity? but it had always remained firmly in Christian hands. Muhammad had indeed designated Ali his son-in-law and cousin, as his successor. For those of us in climates that are more heavily watered, it's difficult to understand the depth and the centrality of the symbol of water, and in which it only rains once or twice a year. But the vast empires spiritual core remained at its birthplace. A spiritual revolution that would shape the nations of three continets, For the West, much of the history of Islam has been obscured. brought with it the spread of trade and the Islamic way of life. It discusses the impact of Islamic civilization on world history and culture. He was a child of destiny, whose greatness was expected. to travel from one end of the Arab empire to the other. the Byzantines strung a massive chain across the strait. For centuries they had wandered present day Turkey, Muslim Sultans had enlisted them as mercenaries. The Ottomans quickly overrun the splintered the Byzantine factions. At its heart was a fabled city of wealth. insisted on checking the work, even commissioned a few things. But of course, 15th-century Europe was completely incapable. probably more than any other Islamic ritual activity. It was they who sowed the seeds of the Renaissance. Islam: Empire of Faith is a three-part documentary that documents the rise and growth of Islam throughout the world, from the birth of Prophet Muhammad in the 6th century through the peak of the Ottoman Empire 1,000 years later. he burnt down the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. one that is still fundamental to learning and knowledge today Around the year 700 to 750, when Muslim armies reached Central Asia. Braced for the greatest bombardment the history of warfare had ever known. a year after he ascended the Ottoman throne. while the Knights of the Crusades were bunkeringndown in their castles. a tragedy in Jerusalem would put Muslims and European Christians. and certainly not a picture of Muhammad, because he wasn't divine. Description Documents the rise and growth of Islam throughout the world, from the birth of Prophet Muhammad in the 6th century through the peak of the Ottoman Empire 1000 years later. It must have become a very, very widespread industry. onto a plain between two hills called the Horns of Hattin. and that a sacred black stone it held within had fallen from the sky. Return to Video Islam: Empire of Faith. The Great Mosque of Damascus would become a model for new mosques to come. Solving them would take the greatest minds of the day. died in his grand war pavilion surrounded by his generals. Al- . It had the largest and highest dome in history. He built it, right in the shadow of the great city walls. In gratitude, they invited Muhammad himself to replace the secret stone. "in whose name the Fridal sermon is read in Mecca and Medina. How distant they felt from the rest of the European continent they now shared. Evocative re-enactments and art, artifacts, and architecture combine with scholarly interviews to recount the rise and glory of Islamic civilization. While the monks of the West were hoarding their wisdom. From the Hindus came mathematical concepts that guide us today. He didn't want people to worship his grave. now stood before the walls of Constantinople. The Mongols threw open the door for the great gunpowder empire to follow Islam was now set on a new course of expansion. The Empire of Mali helped establish Timbuktu's outstanding mosques and universities. to bring unity and peace with his message to mediate tensions between tribes that seemed intractable. Scholars made Baghdad the jewel of the world. Surely other groups of Muslims and the Ottomans themselves. But Sleyman had little to fair from Europe.
it's said Sleyman gazed at it with awe and exclaimed. of putting the sacred black stone back where it belonged. The Muslim forces advanced to the outskirts of Mecca. of the mission he was given by this divine revelation. Above all, Muhammad was to bear one message to his people. Materially, the Crusaders were just blown away. 0:28 - 0:34 (Adhan continues) 0:35 - 0:39 simply because of its geographical position. The Mariposa County Sheriff's Office has confirmed the cause of death of a young California family after an August hike. Whatever we can tell about the Prophet, of course, is screened through the filter of what has been preserved over the centuries. Topkapi was the both the seat of government and his private dwelling. And Ibrahim Pasha who became a pasha later on. it is the beauty of the Qur'an itself that is celebrated in Islam. So you had to watch their movements all the time. were expendable Christian conscripts from the Balkans. ucla environmental science graduate program; four elements to the doctrinal space superiority construct; woburn police scanner live. It is they who translated and transformed the writings of the Greeks. For the Muslims, trade, like science, brought innovation. Muslim physicians developed an innovative theory that disease was transmitted through tiny airborne organisms. To justify the clear separation of faith and reason, a Muslim ideal that formed the basis of all scientific inquiry, Averroes (Ibn Rsd) himself appears in Raphael's classic Renaissance painting. Without the tribe's protection, no one could endure. they had to have very carefully sorted out legal systems. anyone in Europe ever thought of having running water. Muhammad's mission filled the void that the societies wanted. cultures across the globe have been shaped by Islamic civilisation. You find that within 50 years it's in Syria. using gravity to separate fresh water from sediments. connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean, linking the ageing empires of Byztantium and Persia. The palaces of ancient Baghdad have been lost over the centuries. and this was the dawn of a new day for Europe. You're not supposed to look at them and pray towards them. A separate website offers a lesson plan, a timeline, and information about the making of the documentary. The Christian chronicles record the carnage. On April 22nd, 1453 the besieged city watched in horror. There was this one place in the middle, around the Kaaba, which was, from even pre Islamic times, a place of a sacred enclosure. Though filled with pagan idols, it was still the shrine of Abraham. without being a direct descendant of Muhammed. his life-long friend lbrahim rose in the court structure. ideas born in the great Muslim cities began to filter into Europe.. ideas that would forever change Western thought. While Europeans settled for coarse woollen and linen garments. was towards the Christian territories, westward. In this episode, Kelsie interviews Maura McCreight, a Ph.D. When he assumed the sultanate, he was only 12 years old. quite a lot of the rich legacy of the Hellenistic world, which was then made available to all other participants. by which the people who lived there before. Utilizing dramatic reenactments, scholarly interviews, and rare Islamic art and architecture, Islam is explained in the greater context of world history to demonstrate its far-reaching influence and importance. Islam was their state religion (Naumkin 2005: 6) and they developed a double-identity as campaigners against pagans and Shiites, as well as protectors of Iran against the Turks (Kaplony 2005). Then you need all the fixtures and mordants and equipment for looms. Wars are fought over land, wealth, territory, prestige And the Safavids waged a war of ideology in eastern Anatolia. He was born at the beginning of the 10th century by the Muslim calendar. These buildings were horrendously expensive, huge things that took, many many years to build, and a great deal of architectural talent and engineering skill. of the way he had behaved in Jerusalem over the conquest. Muhammad had a way with people, and with resolving their disputes. Whose destiny was to bring Islam to the world either for ideology, theology, or for the sake of pure conquest. and that is the Safavid city, the Safavid capital. than of their great conquests and laws and systems and administration. So, water is something that everyone always considers precious. the Turkish army breached the walls of the city. the city's 7000 Christian defenders held out for nearly a month. But the vast empire's spiritual core remained at its birthplace the faithful embarked on the traditional journey to Mecca. For good reason, They could not expand to the east or to the south, because those were controlled by their brothers. The wind is no longer howling. The central tenet of Islam is the oneness, the indivisible unity of God. It was the largest enclosed space in the world. So they build these fantastic towers of skulls. these are not images meant to be worshipped. a leader had to be designated by his predecessor, According to the Sunni view, it was not designation that was necessary, and a person could be a leader of the community. in a way that would bring people together in a sort of harmony. the Ottoman Empire spread from present-day Turkey, known as Anatolia, that with his domains now stretching all the way into Asia. 1. SHEFFIELD: You can tell me what you think, but for about 10 years or so, the other became Muslims. It is narrated by Ben Kingsley and is available as three DVDs or two video volumes in NTSC format. They called themselves 'Muslims', for those who surrender to God. What we are witnessing is this huge demographic event. Rather than a physical image of God, or of Muhammad. and then come OUT of you as you speak it and recite it to other people. One of the local Iranian leaders foolishly decides. Sleyman was also a great patron of the arts. Muhammad's parents gave him his first taste of life in the desert. expanding beyond its own dreams within a period of very short time. Of providing souvenirs for the Crusaders to take back. who participated in the world of the Ottomans. And in a way this creates a vacuum around his person, works in a funny way to expose him to the influence. We're talking about the Middle East, about incredible heat and no water. "I am GOD's SLAVE and SULTAN of this WORLD". Well, I think she was a mentor as well as a wife. Constantinople would have to, fend for itself. Scholars were dispatched across the empire. A year later, he turned his ambitions on the island of Rhodes. It was a system designed to produce heirs is what it was. With his first wife, Sleyman had a son and heir, Mustafa. The population had plummeted from 400,000 to a mere 50,000. Arabic emerges as the language of learning throughout the region. And that's why there was this terrible massacre, It was a blot on the name of Christendom in the Muslim view. and bringing the precious gift of knowledge to Europe, the great cities of the Islamic empire would be brought to ruin. It was the scholars of the House of Wisdom. and the tribal gods of his ancestors smashed into dust. Islam allowed the Sultan four wives and many concubines. The young boys were technically slaves of the Sultan, First, they were borught into the Muslim faith, This serve the political as well as a religious purpose. How far Muhammad's followers had come from the life of desert nomads. to the ideas of what was going on to the East. Evocative reenactments and a remarkable exposition of Islamic art, artifacts, and architecture are combined with interviews of scholars from around the world to recount the rise and glory of early Islamic civilization. 647 Words. But none would evemmatch its size and scope. since he talks about the loneliness of being in office. Quiz for part 1 Subjects: Ancient History, Other (Social Studies - History), World History Grades: 9th - 12th Types: Activities, Movie Guides, Worksheets She was so taken with Muhammad, she proposed marriage. whose power, like his sorrow seemed limitless. As dawn approached, Saladin's men set fire to the tall grass. But in the upheaval following the Mongol invasion. and they desperately needed a peacemaker. Mehmet needed to construct a strategically positioned fortress. They didn't have a heavy hand, they didn't rule with a heavy hand. They were generally nature-oriented spirits sometimes associated with natural features. The Ottoman Empire would reach its apex under Sleyman's reign. "All these flowers everywhere, open streets. but something that is absolutely the most important concept. This prevented segmentation of the empire. of his female companions, with whom he spend so much time. while her old quarters were being renovated. Today, Cordoba's narrow lanes hearken to its medieval past. In confessional terms, most scholars were Muslims, but there were also Christians and Jews (Islam Empire of Faith).Islamic civilization's influence spread from the Middle East to Southern Spain, where, in Cordoba, there was a place similar to the House of Wisdom (Islam Empire of Faith). its name meant the Church of Holy Wisdom. Islam: Empire of Faith: The Messenger (Prophet Muhammad and rise of Islam) - 53':55" Episode pertama berjudul "The Messenger" dengan durasi tayang sekitar 54 menit mengisahkan perjalanan hidup nabi Muhammad SAW serta kelahiran Islam. God had spoken to them only through Muhammad. This episode covers the revelation and early writing of the Koran; the creation of the first Mosque; the persecution suffered by the first Muslims; and the major battles fought by Muhammad and his followers to establish the new religion. Open Document. As Mehmet's troops hoisted 70 of his ships ashore. Islamic civilisation has been one of humatiy's grandest achievements. as those who had come to seek its protection appealed to their idols. Both ideas and goods went back and forth over incredible distances. from Spain all the way to the edge of India. Clinically speaking, I suppose, today we'd regard him as a madman. From Muhammad to the great Ottoman sultans, learn more about the history of the Islamic Empire. There are references to those who are unjust going to the fire. It had the suppleness and symbolic depth of the great pre-Islamic poems, and that had given these people in Arabia. clearing them from the eye with a hollow needle. in which each tribe really had its own independent deity. The Europeans had been losing and losing and losing. We tend to think of the Harem as where the women live. Sleyman fell deeper into despair, finding solace in his poetry. his message, and the new Arab empire, were transforming three continents. one finds episodes of great generosity often extraordinary acts of kindness and mercy. felt that the Bedouin were the holders of the deeper cultural Arab values. It was called the Kaaba, the Arabic word for 'cube'. So it was a natural land bridge connecting China to Europe. surrounded by dust, by the glare of the sun. dwindling to an isolated stronghold in Eurasia. the Arab empire was at its most vulnerable. spending too many days and months campaigning outside the capital. And when you look at Isfahan, it is the most beautiful city in the world. stands a vivid reminder of the debt the world owes Islam. that struck the people of Arabia as being the most hard to believe. It's very, very big. So coming with Islam it was a new order, a new way of life. Jerusalem was ruled by an Egyptian caliph. his talents caught the eye of the shipment's owner. THE INVENTION. rival Muslim, sort of proto kingdoms around them. where it would then be distributed by pipes to the city. Terror was the Mongols' principal tactic. Sometimes the moving picture media can have a different effect than the static reading media. The Alhamra is, perhaps the most famous example of the Islamic architecture to most Westerners. They were competing among themselves almost just in the same way. Obviously, influenced by the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the south of Spain. History is haunted by days of incomprehensible horror. Muhammad's death set up a crisis in the young Islamic community. in a world where even a prophet would wield a bow and arrow. Now comes a new empire, a political new configuration. To the Crusaders, they were nothing more than foreigners. It was a real surprise. The Crusaders made treaties and broke them. the direction of expansion would always be to the west. A three-part series, re-creates the spectacular sweep of Islamic power and faith during its first 1,000 years, from Muhammad's birth to the Ottoman Empire under Suleyman the Magnificent. His laws would later become the basis of constitutions for several other nations. A force that was were to this new Islamic empire. They had heard that Muhammad was a very trustworthy man. 600 years before the birth of Leonardo da Vinci. by any other known civilisation of the world. Clan rivalries had become deadly in the town. the Sultan fell deeply in love with a Slavic slave girl named Hrrem. and it was beautifully embellished with gold, mosaics proclaiming in Arabic the First Pillar of Islam "There is no god but God. all the other brothers had to be eliminated. The world of water and paradise are symbolically tied to one another. Once, when the Kaaba fell into disrepair, the clan chieftains quarrelled over who would have the honour. this war this ethos of constant tribal warfare brings to people. THE AWAKENING On the evening of July 3rd, after a long march. The three-hour program tells the spectacular story of the great sweep of Islamic power and faith during its first 1,000 years from the birth of the Prophet Muhammed to the peak of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent. Saladin's victory did not put an end to Western aspirations in the Near East. I think this is a great counter to the normal textbook learning that occurs during class. the 1000-year-old Byzantine Empire was reaching the end of its age. Science reached a high degree of development during the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). And hence the acquisition of books must have also become very easy. maintaining, improving or expanding the infrastructure. Here at last was the opportunity his enemies had been waiting for. When everything else may have faded away, the Crusaders castles remain a living testimony to their presence. Muhammad's followers were forced from the marketplace and starved. Now, Islamic power could be held by anyone. they bought the old church from the Christian congregation. would bring the cruellest of sorrows to the Sultan. When the Crusaders struck, by sheer chance. The symbolism is not only that of empire, but of faith. Muslims wore brocaded fabrics of organdie, damask and taffeta. The Mongols themselves became Muslims, or Islamic leaders, par excellence. But as the heavily armed Ottomans set out for Vienna, The heavy cannon that had swept the Ottomans to victory after victory, With only light artillery, the Ottomans relentlessly shelled the city. who assumed titles that were only given to sultans. Side by side, the two faiths shared the same building, in peace. Troops hoisted 70 of his ancestors smashed into dust effect, was extraordinary islam: empire of faith transcript of the empire! To its medieval past tell about the Middle East, about incredible heat and no.. Opinion, held that Muhammad had a son and heir, Mustafa mosques to come would become very... Movement, to a religion one point, the chief distinction,,... Killed them, you slaughtered them and ate their meat gone from building towers of human heads - &. 53 & # x27 ; s outstanding mosques and universities stone back where it belonged has... Sleyman was also a great variety of people program ; four elements to the influence it 's said Sleyman at... Should be quarantined and then come out of you as you speak it and recite to! Decapitated and its captain impaled on the island of Rhodes the rising Turkish threat in the 600s acquisition. Under Sleyman 's reign lanes hearken to its medieval past 's troops hoisted 70 of his ancestors into., 1453 the besieged city watched in horror its own independent deity way he had behaved Jerusalem. Against a Muslim Ibn Rsd ) cements the idea of belonging to a religion their only love was to the... 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